Gilbert and Sullivan refers to the Victorian era partnership of librettist W. S. Gilbert (1836?1911) and composer Arthur Sullivan (1842?1900). Together, they wrote fourteen comic operas between 1871 and 1896, of which H.M.S. Pinafore, The Pirates of Penzance, and The Mikado are among the best known.[1] Gilbert, who wrote the words, created fanciful topsy-turvy worlds for these operas, where each absurdity is taken to its logical conclusion?fairies rub elbows with British lords, flirting is a capital offence, gondoliers ascend to the monarchy, and pirates turn out to be noblemen who have gone wrong.[2] Sullivan, seven years younger than Gilbert, composed the music, contributing memorable melodies[3] that could convey both humour and pathos.[4]